Tyrion Lannister, Dwarf Identity, and the Struggle for Agency
*Spoiler Alert: This article contains spoilers from Season 8 of Game of Thrones*
Paul Steven Miller was an icon in the dwarf community. After graduating with two Ivy League degrees and fashioning a career in public service as a Commissioner of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and then a Special Assistant to President Obama, Miller held an endowed chair at the University of Washington School of Law. Arguably, he did more than anyone to show generations of Little People what was possible for our lives, despite millennia of stigma and hostility. With his more tangible contributions of crafting the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act and enforcing the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), he brought scores of disabled people, including Little People, along with him as he found his success. So, what does this pillar of society have in common with a lustful, wine-soaked character from Game of Thrones, the popular fantasy television show that just ended on HBO? Both Paul Miller and Tyrion Lannister gave Little People greater agency by giving us a better chance to tell our own stories about who we are.
In his book Far From the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity, Andrew Solomon makes an important distinction between vertical identities that are typically passed down between generations and horizontal identities that are not shared between parents and children, but learned from a peer group. Vertical identities usually include ethnicity or language, whereas horizontal can be things like sexual orientation or, for my purposes, dwarfism.
Growing up as a little person with average sized parents, it was essential I had Paul Miller and other role models or mentors to teach me how to be a dwarf. Often, this education from my dwarf elders was quite mundane, like advice about the best step stool to bring in your carry-on when traveling by air and staying in a hotel. Other times, however, it was a matter of being shown that people like me, who experience pervasive structural discrimination and personal ridicule because of the bodies we inhabit, can still become someone with a worthwhile future.
However, a person’s identity is not only determined by the boundaries of their imagination and ambition. One of philosopher Hilde Lindemann’s key insights in her book, Damaged Identities, Narrative Repair, is that identities are relational: who we are is always determined by both who we believe ourselves to be and who others allow us to be. Further, who we can be holds sway over what we can do.
For instance, when Paul Miller first graduated from Harvard Law, near the top of his class but prior to the protections of the ADA, he was rejected by 45 firms who initially saw him as an attractive candidate, but lost interest when they realized he was a dwarf. These suspicions were confirmed when a hiring committee told him outright, “we’re not going to hire you because we think our clients would think we are running a freak circus if they saw you.” Miller was denied the chance to do the kind of work he had trained for because his dwarf identity, as it was constructed by others, precluded it.
Lindemann might explain that this is because the master narrative of dwarfism did not include high powered attorneys and vice versa. Master narratives, according to Lindemann, are the “stock plots and character types that we borrow from the familiar stories embodying our culture’s socially shared understandings.” While our individual identities consist of the many threads of our experiences and roles, woven into a uniquely complex tapestry, master narratives serve as anchor points that are essential when we try to understand our own identity and that of others. They help everything else we know about ourselves and others make sense as we move through society. So, it is all the more damaging to a person’s ability to control their own life when the master narratives that guide their identity formation unjustly constrain who they can be and what they can do, as we saw in Paul Miller’s case at the beginning of his career.
Luckily, while master narratives are powerful social forces, they are not written in stone. With some work and creativity, they can be replaced by what Lindeman calls “counterstories.” These are deliberately crafted, alternative narratives that, when they are adopted as part of a shared cultural understanding of an identity, open up a person’s possibilities rather than stifle them. To some degree, Miller’s life served up a counterstory that resisted the oppressive master narratives around dwarfism. Yet, while his story is compelling, outside of certain corners of academia and the disability rights movement, he remains obscure.
For a counterstory to take full effect, it needs to find purchase as a widespread cultural phenomenon. Thankfully, for this, George R.R. Martin has given the dwarf community the gift of Tyrion Lannister. Many people will go their entire lives without meeting a Little Person and as such, fictional portrayals are all they will ever have when trying to make sense of the dwarf identity. One can imagine how difficult it is to formulate a positive identity as a moral equal of your fellow citizen when Rumpelstiltskin, Gimli, and Mini-Me are people’s points of reference for what they can expect from those like you.
Tyrion came crashing down into my life in the late nineties, when a friend at my summer job lent me his copy of A Game of Thrones. For most people, I imagine protagonist Ned Stark’s death was the most shocking bit of the book. For me, an angsty Little Person teen who escaped into the pages of fantasy novels as he tried to figure out who he was, encountering a “real dwarf” in one of these books hit me like a bolt from the blue. In a sense, Tyrion gave my teenage self permission to fully acknowledge and fully feel the public ridicule that is part of the everyday life of a dwarf; and then he gave me some of the tools I would need to move past it.
However, as Lindemann tells us, identities are relational. So, it wasn’t until Tyrion broke into the mainstream as a central figure in HBO’s megahit TV show two decades later that his potential as a counterstory really started to be realized. He still played the role of comic relief, but the laughs were evoked from his sharp wit and not at the expense of his stature. Following the tropes of other dwarf characters, he was a somewhat depraved, perpetually drunk lecher, but, unlike his predecessors, these behaviors were explained as an unfortunate response to the countless hostilities one experiences as they move through the world in a dwarf body. Not only did Tyrion turn these stereotypes on their head, but, he ends up being the greatest antihero in Westeros.
Of course, what makes Tyrion an antihero rather than your garden variety hero was not his dwarfism, but the many deep imperfections in his character. After all, he murders his lover and his father in the span of a single evening and then ships off to enable a character that turns out to be something of a fascist. At the end of the day, though, it’s his moral courage and humility, combined with his sharp, articulate mind, that save the Seven Kingdoms from mass genocide by dragon fire. His flaws ran deep, but so did his compassion and integrity.
Still, as far as subversive counterstories go, Tyrion seems to be the low hanging fruit. After all, he is a dwarf, but he is also a wealthy, white, straight, cis man. To do the work that needs to be done most, we need more counterstories about dwarfs and we need them to do more than help the future Paul Millers of the world get jobs at elite law firms.
There may have been earlier fully developed, sympathetic dwarf characters in literature, film, or television, but none of them have been taken up as part of our shared cultural imagination like Tyrion Lannister. Perhaps, his existence in the world has given pause to some of those who might have otherwise snickered, jeered, or tried to snap a camera phone picture when a dwarf walks by.
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Great article! Note also that Paul Miller’s overarching goal and his life’s work was not only dwarfism, nor only disability rights, but about civil rights for everyone. He always expressed disability rights as an integral part of a broader justice narrative, while affirming that access and accommodation required a different set of legal and conceptual tools. Like Tyrion, he would have saved us all, and like Varys, he served the realm. And he drank and knew things. Lots of things.
What a wonderful article. We have a dwarf son who has endured all the stares of strangers only to receive a smile in return. He is so secure in himself that he started with a paper route at 11 and worked as a chemical salesman after college, then when the chemicals company was sold, he took a real estate class and sold homes. After many surgeries he retired to Florida and volunteered at the local hospital visiting patients and also became a publicity ambassador for a pleasure cruise company sailing from Fort Myers to Key west on day trips. He knows no strangers and can chat with an 80 year old as well as a 2 year old. It is his determination that has made him succeed. We are so proud of him.
Ms. Mechem: It is an enormous honor for you to comment on my piece. Paul’s vision for the world is one that I only had brief glimpses of and it is very good to hear more about it. Thank you.
Thank you Jenni for the full
breath of Paul’s heart and work.
Wonderful article. We have a son who is a dwarf and he has endured all the abuse of onlookers but overcame them to became a successful chemical salesman in his father’s business, a real east salesman after the family chemical company was sold, and is retired. His new activities are being a volunteer at the local hospital and a publicity ambassador for a pleasure cruise company with day trips to Key West. He doesn’t know a stranger and can chat with an 80 year old as well as 2 year old! We are so proud of the way he has endured painful surgeries, staring glares rejections and still come out smiling. It takes guts and he has them.
I loved the bit I saw of GOT– but only the bits with Peter Dinklage as Tyrion. I would watch a Peter Dinklage scene-only cut of GOT. He is an amazing actor, size aside. He’s gotten great material to work with. I don’t think people will forget him, and not just because WE won’t.
I’m hard of height myself, but speaking of stereotypes and broadening people’s definitions: when I tell people I qualify to join the Little People of America they think I’m kidding. They just assume I’m 5 feet and that I don’t have a genetic disorder that is known to cause dwarfism. I tell them, no, I’m shorter than they think, and duh. They mean I look normal… fat normal. (like, I could do sumo, maybe?)
I was chatting with a friend at a restaurant– I had met her online and we were gathered for the first time, and she said, you’re not that short. She was 5 feet 4 or so and sitting I was maybe one inch shorter than her, okay? But her feet touched the floor and mine didn’t. I told her, “Let’s stand up and see.” “Oooh.”
I am just a bit too short for a lot of normal things– getting change out of soda machines without a tool, reaching the SECOND shelf (forget the top shelf, I have to jump or climb up, and I’m fat and getting old and arthritic now.) Capris fit me full length. I’ve tried on petite pants that were 6 inches too long. Mislabelled? I wish. I’ve had people laugh at me because “I’m so short” when they shouldn’t have been. But that’s not just why I was pleased to see the definition of little person could include me, too.
I have many of the little person problems. On top of genetic risk of arthritis with age, I’ve had repeated injuries and pain issues from poor ergonomics and have had to go on disability from other issues. I’ve spent too much of my life using my hands above my head– to carry and move heavy stuff. That kills the shoulders. I can’t find a good computer desk that is adjustable down to the height I need, so I use an adjustable bed table which is a bit too small for a real laptop and mouse.
I HATE trying to shop for furniture online– I’ve spent hours trying to find the right product– because it’s impossible to find the correct height for floor to top height, not total height. What the heck are these people thinking? They are selling children’s desks that are sky high and suggesting kids sit on stools for these? That’s bad ergonomics. Many computer chairs are not adjustable to the height I need, either.
These are not trivial problems for me; with my other disabilities, I don’t need more. I’ve had to have physical therapy for three different issues– legs, back, shoulders– all related to ergonomic issues, and these injuries increase my risk of disability down the line. I don’t use a stepstool to stand at the stove or in the kitchen if I can avoid it (and I can usually)– I fear tripping and falling, I’ve had stools skid on me before– so I’ve taken to using thick mats for the extra height and cushion. Some day it’ll be 7 mats and I’ll be the princess cooking the peas. I have an extra table (lower than my already modestly sized counters) for prep work. I keep a chair in the kitchen just to rest on and sometimes as a stepstool. I use a rotisserie oven for a lot of cooking instead of the full size oven. Little things like that to make my kitchen more compatible with my needs. I have used pillows to help adjust my seat depth in my cars so I have lumbar support. I’ve tried a lot of foot rests and all that too… they don’t really help like correctly sized furniture would.
The vogue for extra-high reception and counters (designed fro computers) which started in 1995 or so makes it impossible for me to communicate across the desks. It has always felt like a backlash to accessibility, and we need to join forces with almost all types of disabled people to strongly confront the furniture and office manufacturers about how they are enabling discrimination by selling products that preclude accessibility to business spaces, furniture websites for making it difficult to find appropriate accessible alternatives by precise measurement needs. And yes, the businesses for buying their products. Supply and demand.
Our space to storytell needs to involve more of this, too. It has to be home remodelling shows, news, everything, the little details of living and making do. That kind of thing. Not everybody is hooked up to the community.
Sharon Bosler, such a beautiful tribute to your son. You are rightly so proud of him.